MDMA: History and lessons learned Part 2
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These detections have generally been small in quantity with the powders containing a range of different substances – always ketamine and MDMA, and typically additional substances including cocaine, caffeine or cathinones.
Some of the price disparity may be attributed to local factors, including distance to the producing centres (Netherlands and Belgium), but statistical artefacts (e.g. small sample sizes) may also be a factor. Individual factors and sex affect this dose, with women considered to be more susceptible to the 5-HT-releasing effects of MDMA (Liechti et al., 2001). Harm reduction responses, including the provision of drug-checking services and appropriate risk-communication strategies, are crucial to minimise these risks. This is consistent with law enforcement information that suggests the MDMA market in Europe is supplied by the same pool of producers, mostly based in the Netherlands and Belgium. It should be noted that this trend was observed across several countries in Europ
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost half of the cities (24 of 49) reported a decrease in MDMA levels, with 18 reporting an increase. The data show that large quantities of MDMA are used in cities in Belgium, Czechia, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. The latest available data suggest an overall relatively stable level of consumption of MDMA in the European Union, although there are variations at national level. According to Dutch Police, these tablets are sold to distributors at EUR 0.59 per unit (2022 values), who in turn re-sell them at EUR 1.78 each (for quantities above 99 tablets). Profits generated by the sale of MDMA tablets buy ecstasy are expected to be significant given the volume of the trade. The effect appeared to have been short-lived, and by the end of 2020 the price returned to pre-pandemic values (NPNL, 2022
Given the option, it is clear that people who use MDMA and other drugs will embrace harm reduction approaches, and support their development. Harm reduction is not a principle that policy makers will need to force upon people who use MDMA or other drugs in nightlife and party settings. Significant numbers of people not only like MDMA’s effects and are willing to take known risks (health and legal) to enjoy them, but they seem to prefer it to most available substitutes. Perhaps most obviously it demonstrates, yet again, the futility of putting enforcement, targeting either people who use or supply, at the forefront of the policy response to drugs. The EMCDDA also reported in 2019 that ‘transactions involving quantities of MDMA tablets buy ecstasy indicative of the middle level of the market account for more than double the revenue of sales of retail-level quantities’.
MDMA rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe
Cryptomarkets offer potential customer outlets for vendors who are closely located to source regions. And the results also show drug transactions have tripled and monthly revenues have doubled. Within buy ecstasy weeks, Silk Road's place was filled by a copycat, and by 2016 around 50 cryptomarkets and vendor shops appeared active on the hidden web. By 2016 around 50 cryptomarkets and vendor shops appeared active on the hidden we
This is because ecstasy tablets now contain more MDMA, on average, than they did in the past (see Section Price and purity). Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the drug. All of the 10 cities with data for both 2011 and 2023 had higher MDMA levels in 2023 than in 2011 (see Figure 6.6. Key prevalence data for MDMA/ecstasy use in Europe). Where prevalence is higher, it may suggest that MDMA is no longer a niche or subcultural drug limited to dance clubs and parties in those markets.
Harms and ris
Group health insurance and health benefit plans are insured or administered by CHLIC, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company (CGLIC), or their affiliates (see a listing of the legal entities that insure or administer group HMO, dental HMO, and other products or services in your state
(1) The European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) is a voluntary, anonymous survey run by the EUDA and its partners targeting directly people who use drugs who are 18 years old or older, and are living in one of the participating countries. Alcohol was co-consumed across 67 % of all MDMA-related hospital emergencies, and the other drugs commonly consumed alongside MDMA included cocaine, buy ecstasy amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, heroin, GHB and cannabis. MDMA is reported in small numbers of drug-induced deaths, and in most countries less than 1 in 20 cases involve the drug. This increase coincided with a period of increased purity and availability of MDMA in these markets, suggesting that changes in MDMA supply may result in serious public health risks.
Some of the price disparity may be attributed to local factors, including distance to the producing centres (Netherlands and Belgium), but statistical artefacts (e.g. small sample sizes) may also be a factor. Individual factors and sex affect this dose, with women considered to be more susceptible to the 5-HT-releasing effects of MDMA (Liechti et al., 2001). Harm reduction responses, including the provision of drug-checking services and appropriate risk-communication strategies, are crucial to minimise these risks. This is consistent with law enforcement information that suggests the MDMA market in Europe is supplied by the same pool of producers, mostly based in the Netherlands and Belgium. It should be noted that this trend was observed across several countries in Europ
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, almost half of the cities (24 of 49) reported a decrease in MDMA levels, with 18 reporting an increase. The data show that large quantities of MDMA are used in cities in Belgium, Czechia, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. The latest available data suggest an overall relatively stable level of consumption of MDMA in the European Union, although there are variations at national level. According to Dutch Police, these tablets are sold to distributors at EUR 0.59 per unit (2022 values), who in turn re-sell them at EUR 1.78 each (for quantities above 99 tablets). Profits generated by the sale of MDMA tablets buy ecstasy are expected to be significant given the volume of the trade. The effect appeared to have been short-lived, and by the end of 2020 the price returned to pre-pandemic values (NPNL, 2022
Given the option, it is clear that people who use MDMA and other drugs will embrace harm reduction approaches, and support their development. Harm reduction is not a principle that policy makers will need to force upon people who use MDMA or other drugs in nightlife and party settings. Significant numbers of people not only like MDMA’s effects and are willing to take known risks (health and legal) to enjoy them, but they seem to prefer it to most available substitutes. Perhaps most obviously it demonstrates, yet again, the futility of putting enforcement, targeting either people who use or supply, at the forefront of the policy response to drugs. The EMCDDA also reported in 2019 that ‘transactions involving quantities of MDMA tablets buy ecstasy indicative of the middle level of the market account for more than double the revenue of sales of retail-level quantities’.
MDMA rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe
Cryptomarkets offer potential customer outlets for vendors who are closely located to source regions. And the results also show drug transactions have tripled and monthly revenues have doubled. Within buy ecstasy weeks, Silk Road's place was filled by a copycat, and by 2016 around 50 cryptomarkets and vendor shops appeared active on the hidden web. By 2016 around 50 cryptomarkets and vendor shops appeared active on the hidden we
This is because ecstasy tablets now contain more MDMA, on average, than they did in the past (see Section Price and purity). Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the drug. All of the 10 cities with data for both 2011 and 2023 had higher MDMA levels in 2023 than in 2011 (see Figure 6.6. Key prevalence data for MDMA/ecstasy use in Europe). Where prevalence is higher, it may suggest that MDMA is no longer a niche or subcultural drug limited to dance clubs and parties in those markets.
Harms and ris
Group health insurance and health benefit plans are insured or administered by CHLIC, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company (CGLIC), or their affiliates (see a listing of the legal entities that insure or administer group HMO, dental HMO, and other products or services in your state
(1) The European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) is a voluntary, anonymous survey run by the EUDA and its partners targeting directly people who use drugs who are 18 years old or older, and are living in one of the participating countries. Alcohol was co-consumed across 67 % of all MDMA-related hospital emergencies, and the other drugs commonly consumed alongside MDMA included cocaine, buy ecstasy amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, heroin, GHB and cannabis. MDMA is reported in small numbers of drug-induced deaths, and in most countries less than 1 in 20 cases involve the drug. This increase coincided with a period of increased purity and availability of MDMA in these markets, suggesting that changes in MDMA supply may result in serious public health risks.
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